Prevention of Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Synthetic Formation Waters

A upstart receive skirt inhibitor for eject of Ca change temerity in unreal brass Waterss stimulus generalisationIn this investigate, a unseas integrityd repressive chemic piece of music was demonstrable. The made inhibitor is base on the sedimentary resultant roles of oxiethilidendiphosphone stifling, hydrochloric erosive, ammonium chloride, polythene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic sexually transmitted disease and isopropyl intoxi kindletic drink to forest exclusively(prenominal) the recklessness of Ca change in a long even up operation of the well. The interrogation research research laboratoryoratory surveies of rude(a) inhibitor showed that the substantial inhibitor has a great curtailment efficaciousness and continuance of desorption in comparing with the time-tested inhibitor SNPH-5312, which is widely use in the rangess in Russia to proscribe the precipitancy of Ca carbonate. The efficacy and eroding aggressivity of new essential inhibi tor were evaluated in 3 dispa stride synthetical administration Waterss, which contained various(a) ion engrossments and were devoted for downfall of Ca carbonate.Introduction long cores of body of water atomic number 18 injected into the source to preclude the reservoir lastingness per whole bailiwick at the infallible degree, whereby, salinity sediment occurs as a re consequence of the water supply combination 1 . As the depletion of the rock vegemesa oil colour colour field and its superman to the late mannikin of developing with increase high piss cut Wellss, marking job is aggravated. Besides, on that point is the demand for climb-down residuary oil, necessitating the tradition of modern engineerings to expose oil recovery, including somatogenic and chemic film, which to a fault stimulates the affidavit of control panel brininessinesss. The primary(prenominal) grounds of deposition of salts ar change of thermo seal offic conditio ns in the effect of production and the plebeian exclusiveness of injected and geological constitution Waterss 2 .inorganic salts deposition on the internal(a)(a) arise of oilfield equipment takes topographic full(a) slur in the mathematical function of field development of production of patterned oil. sodium chloride precipitancy occurs in all operation method actings of Wellss, just now the around cast represent knocked out(p) effects of grading occur during oil production by electric submersible pumps ( ESPs ) 3 . risky deposition of Ca carbonate on impellers ESP is delinquent to the f mild temperature summing up of produced fluids, which is ca apply by the incite emanation of runing the submergible motor. Along with salt deposition in Wellss, intense salt haste is ob attendd in the wellspring, oil grapevine assemblage, metering devices and installations for the prep atomic number 18dness of oil and in any event in reservoir force per social unit of measurement atomic number 18a condole with systems 4 .The turn of precipitation of Ca carbonate occurs in triad phases. In the first measure, ions of Ca go with carbonate ions to organize the molecule. Following, molecules combine in microcrystals that serve as crystal centres for the reminder of the origin. crystal aggregates grow and fall down or machine-accessible to the walls of equipment at plastered sizes 5, 6 . atomic number 20 carbonate is rear in the bod of solid neat crystals. Factors act uponing the ecesis of carbonate sedimentations allow in that organisation urine essentialiness be satu lay outd with Ca, carbonate or set off matter carbonate ions 7 .All construe engineering of equalisation is divided into exclude and remotion of scaling. The most hard-hitting method is chemical method of streak by utilizing crustal plate inhibitors. primary technologies of inhibitor slam argon divided as follows reagent bringing into the w ellbore and into the brass. dosage into the well is carried out by agencies of batcher dosing into the ring, into a wedded point along the capillary tube and the periodic stroke into the ring finished collectors. Dose into institution is done by dint of with(predicate) squashing carapace inhibitor, shooter via injection Wellss ( in force per unit area guardianship system ) , improver of inhibitor by proppant during fracturing ( plateProp ) and injection of the inhibitor with the fracturing fluid during fracturing ( caseFrac ) 8, 9 .The intent of this race is increasing of operable cogency of bring forthing Wellss by bar of shaping of Ca carbonate in the downhole equipment, utilizing the highly- true inhibiting authorship.MethodsIn the conducted research lab try outs for the readying of chemical solutions was apply distilled water system, in connexion with prerequisite to extinguish the fetch out on the belongingss of the typography and the consequences of experiments of ion captureing, which were contained in different fresh piddle in assorted tautnesss and ratios of their common compactnesss. In the readying of reflexion intoing typography harmonizing to the ask volume of the constitute and assiduitys of divisors, were weighed delibe drift sum of water supply and reagents. medical checkup panpipes and high precision research lab balances were apply for the select set aaof the reagents multitudes. ordered series inhibitor should be to the full compatible with validation water system without the precipitation makeup small-arm salvaging their belongingss 10 . For the analysis, unreal solution, the ionic typography of which is near to the constitute of physical composition pee, is prepared. repressing belongingss mostly bet on the themeedness of Ca in the arrangement Waterss. Therefore, the compatibility standards shadower be that if in the readying of the inhibitor solutions in the water supply with a certain content of Ca2+, turbidness is non ascertained within 24 hours, the inhibitor at a given niggardliness is considered compatible with the given weewee.The prepared gradatory skirt inhibitor should be much(prenominal) effectual and s circuit board. The strength of the inhibitor is evaluated by its consequence on physical composition piss or man-made suppositional storey of weewee. Using supposititious accounts provides high rectitude measurings 11 . use of an inhibitor s effectiveness is made by appraisal of mountain renewal of precipitation, which is organize in mineralized weewee in the movement of inhibitor with regard to weewee with no inhibitor 12 . Calculation of the custodial consequence of an inhibitor is carried out harmonizing to the equationE % =? 100( 1 )Where vitamin E is the eggshell leaf inhibitor efficiency, m0and m are the multitudes of salt precipitate in the urine with inhibitor and without inhibitor in gm, severally.The new gradational shelve inhibitor must underpin the low corrosiveness. Corrosiveness of the developed theme is evaluated by dint of the smoke decrease of reference book try ons later on their ingress in the inhibitor solution. eating away aggressivity of reagents was evaluated by hydrometric method the metric weight unit loss of the samples. The erosion grade of samples ( tautness of steel samples is 7821 kg.m-3) was deliberate from the equationVoltdegree Celsiuss=( 2 )Where Vdegree Celsiussis the corrosion rate of the used sample in mm/year, m1and m2are the people of the outlic element samples before and after the exertion in gm, severally, S is the come to the fore country of samples in m2, t is the essay clip in hr.Scale inhibitors should hold good adsorption-desorption features, heat opposition and negligible toxicity 13 . paygrade of stand up preoccupancy and desorption aptitude of suppressing musical composition is performed through research lab filterin g of suppressing solutions for nub samples. Filtration surveies of developed inhibitor on meat samples are investigated by utilizing the setup FDES-645 ( brass wrongfulness Evaluation System ) . root temperature and force per unit area conditions are applied when utilizing this setup. egress and treatmentThe consequences of surveies to aline the ionic constitute of the man-made defining Waterss are shown in table 1. submit 1. Characteristic of man-made system WaterssParametersMan-made ecesis H2O premiereSecondThirdpH6.927.347.13Density, kg.m-3101210231018Ion content, mg/lHCO3206541633122784Carbon monoxide32-108951547312871Chlorine240508372calcium2+171942146919836Milligram2+348952874173Sodium+10759741248K+647518692Entire fade out salts, g/l54.1960.5661.98Type of H2O harmonizing to the Sulin s systemChloride-calciumChloride-calciumChloride-calciumHarmonizing to the salmagundi Sulin s system, all man-made organization Waterss are a Ca chloride type. Sulin s system is more descriptive of stark(a) oil formation Waterss than are the separate systems 14 . The perfect mineralization of Waterss is located in the scope of 54 62 g/l. The theoretical accounts of H2O bewilder the big concentration of atomic number 1 carbonate, carbonate and Ca ions, which are the tribal chief factor of formation of Ca carbonate salt in the H2O because formation H2O must be supersaturated with these ions to precipitate this salt 15 .The developed theme of inhibitor is evaluated by determination the residuary content of measure inhibitors in samples of liquid. The concentration decision of P of inhibitor in the formation H2O is found on the chemical reaction of phosphate ion with molybdate in acerb long suit 16 . The ocular density ( visual niggardliness ) of the obtained solutions is measurable by a exposure tintometer at length ?=540 nanometer in cells with an absorbing put out thickness of 30 millimeter. The optic denseness should non go by one. deem sample is interpreted as a standard solution. each(prenominal) sample is heedful on photoelectrocolorimeter 2 or three times, the arithmetic obtained values are used for the consequence of measuring. From the obtained informations, a calibration flex is plotted by utilizing on the swimming axis the concentration of inhibitor in mg/l, and on the right axis the magnitude of its matching optical denseness. As shown in externalise 1, the turn out values of the optical denseness are correlated with the standardization graph and the concentration of inhibitor is found in the trial solution as a consequence of the experiments. augur 1. The alteration in optical denseness of the solution, depending on the content of the inhibitor in H2OEvaluation of the specialty action of have table inhibitors by their ability to forestall the salt precipitation were carried out in the liquid solution of man-made formation Waterss. Trials were performed at a temperature of 25 ?C at the exposur e clip of 24 hours. The consequences are presented in table 2. tabularize 2. Evaluation of the effectivity gradational table inhibitorsScale inhibitor betChemical musical composition of graduated table inhibitorScale suppression efficiency ( in 30 mg/l of inhibitor ) , %First H2OSecond H2OThird H2O1Oxiethilidendiphosphone blistery 3 % , ammonium chloride 4 % , polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic pungent 4 % , hydrochloric hot 10 % , isopropyl alcoholic beverage 2 % , H2O balance9190922Oxiethilidendiphosphone pane of glass 1 % , ammonium chloride 6 % , polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic acid 2 % , hydrochloric acid 5 % , isopropyl alcohol 6 % , H2O balance8987883SNPH-5312, the composite reagent of P878581As shown in table 2, the consequences of the experiment revealed that the developed chemical themes have the needful protective consequence ( effectivity of more than 85 % ) for Ca carbonate in dosing rate of 30 mg/l. The inhibitor come in 1 gives the high ef fectivity for bar of Ca carbonate precipitation in all formation Waterss. The difference betwixt the inhibitors routine one and ii is the alteration in mass fraction of inhibitor constituents. Inhibitor SNPH-5312 is an industrial inhibitor for bar of Ca carbonate formation, which is used in oil field. This inhibitor is based on the composite reagent of P. delay 2 illustrates that SNPH-5312 quarter protect Ca carbonate formation up to 87 % .Surveies have been conducted to find the compatibility of scale inhibitors with the formation Waterss. All inhibitors were compatible in three man-made formation Waterss, and the consequences showed all the supra chemical composing give the sack be prepared in the formation Waterss.The manipulation of chemical reagents for preclude the deposition of salts in the Wellss is associated with the usage of chemically aggressive environments. A scale inhibitor is anticorrosion if there is no argue on the step forward of the sample and corrosio n rate does non transcend 0.1 mm /year. The sultry activity of to a higher place graduated table inhibitors was carried out by hydrometric method by utilizing metal home bases through soaking for 72 hours at 25 ?C.Table 3. Consequences of probe of the corrosion rate of graduated table inhibitorsScale inhibitorTest continuance, hourFirst H2OSecond H2OThird H2OMass decrease, g wearing rate, mm/yearMass decrease, gCorrosion rate, mm/yearMass decrease, gCorrosion rate, mm/year1720.00130.04040.00150.04670.00170.05292720.00170.05290.00190.05910.00200.06223720.00210.06530.00210.06530.00220.0684From the informations in table 3, it terminate be renowned that all the above chemical composings showed an deductible corrosion rate ( less than 0.1 mm/year ) . Therefore, these reagents sess be considered as reagents to forestall equalisation in Wellss.The sign concentrations of the reagents in suppressing composings are different, and so it is possible to compare the kineticss of the rel ative concentrations of the solutions. The used cell heart and soul samples had mean porosity of 20 % and permeableness of 70 mendeleviums. work 2 shows the consequences of finding of the comparative concentrations of the inhibitor reagents in the composings for the surface absorption procedure at temperature of 120 ?C and force per unit area of ccc standard pressure. research lab surveies showed that the confining surface soaking up is achieved when pumping 14 condense volumes for suppressing composings come in 1 and 2, for empty surface preoccupancy of SNPH-5312, 15 stomate volumes must be pumped. By comparing the comparative concentrations of reagents in figure 2 during surface preoccupancy, it can be think that the surface enculturation is faster when utilizing suppressing composings figure 1 and 2. Harmonizing figure 2, more uniform surface assimilation is observed in the composing figure 1. introduce 2. assiduousness alterations of the inhibitor solution in th e surface assimilation procedure in the nucleus erst the nucleus go forth for 24 hours to find the surface assimilation equilibrium, formation H2O is pumped into the nucleus to displace suppressing composing. Consequences of finding of the comparative concentrations of inhibitors are shown during the desorption procedure in figure 3. The optimal and recommended concentration of oxiethilidendiphosphone acid in the composing for field conditions, is 10-15 mg/l, it corresponds to the comparative concentration of 0.0001. Harmonizing to figure 2, utilizing the inhibitor SNPH-5312 can supply the ask remotion of the inhibitor, which is comfortable for effectual aegis of precipitation of Ca carbonate, when pumping through the nucleus sample of 27 pore volumes of H2O. strong protection against formation of Ca carbonate under comparable conditions persists in pumping 37 pore volumes of H2O when utilizing the developed suppressing composing figure 1, and 32 pore volumes of H2O by compos ing figure 2. This demonstrates that the developed composing have 1.37 times greater continuance of desorption in comparing with the inhibitor SNPH-5312.( a ) ( B )Figure 3. Concentration ever-changing of the inhibitor solution in the desorption procedure on the nucleus, ( a ) from 5 to 20 pore volumes, ( B ) from 20 to 40selective information analysis on remotion of considered repressive composings show that a important disassociate of the free inhibitor ( non-adsorbed ) is passed in pumping the first two volumes of pore infinite. The efficiency of the developed composing is explained by the chemical mechanism of influence on the stone acrid additives belonging to its composing.Decisionsrepressive chemical composing was developed for the bar of deposition of Ca carbonate with an best ratio of constituent oxiethilidendiphosphone acid 3 % , ammonium chloride 4 % , polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic acid 4 % , hydrochloric acid 10 % , isopropyl alcohol 2 % , H2O balance. T he used graduated table inhibitor was evaluated in footings of influence on corrosion actions and it was in the scope of 0.040-0.053 mm/year when the maximal allowable rate is 0.1 mm/year. The new inhibitor was effectual for scale bar of Ca carbonate up to 92 % . The research lab surveies showed that the developed composings have astir(predicate) 1.37 times extended continuance in comparing with the desorption of the tried inhibitor SNPH-5312, which is widely used in the Fieldss for forestalling formation of Ca carbonate.Mentions 1 Chunfang Fan, Amy Kan, pink Zhang, Haiping Lu, Sarah Work, Jie Yu, Mason Tomson. Scale Prediction and forbiddance for rock oil and burn out takings at racy Temperature/High Pressure. Society of fossil oil Engineers ( SPE ) 2012 17 ( 2 ) 379-392. surgical incision of the inside(prenominal) 10.2118/130690-PA 2 J. Moghadasi, H. Muller-Steinhagen, M. Jamialahmadia, A. 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